Statement

For medieval Jews, 'Ashkenaz', a place name found three times in the Bible, meant a zone covering the communities of the German Empire and northern France (the latter sometimes called 'Tsarfat'). By the twelfth century the cultural identities of Ashkenaz and Tsarfat had grown more distinct, though the two regions stayed in close touch.

References

1. p. 191

   supports · main text · ch. 7

   Efron, Lehmann and Weitzman. The Jews: A History. 3rd edition. New York and Abingdon: Routledge, 2019.

   Verification anchor recorded · checked against the page text

2. p. 191

   supports · main text · ch. 7

   Efron, Lehmann and Weitzman. The Jews: A History. 3rd edition. New York and Abingdon: Routledge, 2019.

   Verification anchor recorded · checked against the page text