Statement

As monarchs centralized power, Jews came to depend on royal authority. Frederick I Barbarossa made this explicit in 1157, declaring that the Jews were in the Crown's protective custody 'because they pertain to our chamber'. In 1234 Frederick II declared the empire's Jews to be servi, 'serfs', of the royal treasury.

References

1. p. 188

   supports · main text · ch. 7

   Efron, Lehmann and Weitzman. The Jews: A History. 3rd edition. New York and Abingdon: Routledge, 2019.

   Verification anchor recorded · checked against the page text

2. p. 188

   supports · main text · ch. 7

   Efron, Lehmann and Weitzman. The Jews: A History. 3rd edition. New York and Abingdon: Routledge, 2019.

   Verification anchor recorded · checked against the page text